祭天敬农祈谷 雅颂礼乐和鸣
北京中轴线位于北京老城中心，南起永定门，北至钟鼓楼，全长7．8公里。逾7个世纪，北京老城历史不断累积叠加，北京中轴线按照“象天法地”原则，遵循“山环水抱”的理念，历经城市历史演进而持续影响着城市发展，展现出中国传统规划理念持久的生命力。
The Beijing central axis is located in the center of the old city of Beijing, stretching from Yongdingmen in the south to the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, with a total length of 7.8 kilometers. Over seven centuries, the history of the old city of Beijing has been continuously accumulated and superimposed. The Beijing central axis follows the principle of "imitating heaven and conforming to the earth" , adheres to the concept of "surrounded by mountains and embraced by water" , and continuously influences the urban development through the historical evolution of the city, showing the lasting vitality of the traditional Chinese planning concept.
北京中轴文化研究所所长邱峥介绍，北京中轴线纵贯南北，是由永定门、天坛、故宫、钟鼓楼等15处构成。其中大部分处于中轴线上，但天坛和先农坛、太庙和社稷坛并不在中轴线上，而是紧靠中轴线东西对称分布，它们因中轴线而存在，因此属于中轴线的重要组成部分。
Qiu Zheng, Director of Beijing Central Axis Culture Institute, introduced that the Beijing central axis runs from north to south, consisting of 15 sites such as Yongdingmen, Temple of Heaven, Imperial Palace, Bell and Drum Tower. Most of them are on the central axis, but the Temple of Heaven and the Altar of Agriculture, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Altar of the Land and Grain, which are not on the central axis, but close to the east and west sides of the central axis. They exist because of the central axis, they are an important part of the central axis.
近日，塞尔维亚留学生优万娜与几位中国的专家老师们一同来到天坛，学习更多有关北京中轴线的知识。天坛是中国古代祭祀的代表性建筑，是供皇帝举办祭天仪式的地方。古语有云：“国之大事，在祀与戎”。祭祀是中国古代礼仪文化的重要组成部分，而天坛是中国现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群。
Recently, Yovana, a student from Serbia, came to the Temple of Heaven with several expert teachers from China to learn more about the Beijing central axis. The Temple of Heaven is a representative building of ancient Chinese sacrificial rites, where the emperor held ceremonies to worship the heaven. As the ancient saying goes, "The great affairs of the state are in sacrifice and war. " Sacrifice is an important part of the ancient Chinese ritual tradition, and the Temple of Heaven is the largest existing ancient sacrificial building complex in China.
在圜丘坛，北京史研究学会会员邱文带着优万娜领略了天坛文化。邱文说，中国古代祭祀分为不同等级，最高等级的祭祀是大祀，天坛、地坛、太庙等都是大祀的场所，其中天坛主要用于祭天，祭祀的对象是皇天上帝，祭天是古代“君权神授”思想的重要体现，表明帝王受命于天，具有崇高地位。其次是中祀，像日坛、月坛就是举行中祀的场所。再次是小祀，祭祀风雨雷电。
In the Circular Mound Altar, Qiu Wen, Member of Beijing Historical Research Society, took Yovana to appreciate the culture of the Temple of Heaven. Qiu Wen said, the ancient royal sacrifice was divided into different levels in ancient China. The highest level of sacrifice was the Grand Sacrifice, the Temple of Heaven, the Altar of Earth and the Imperial Ancestral Temple are the place of the Grand Sacrifice. Such as the Temple of Heaven is the place to worship the heaven, and the object of sacrifice is the Emperor of Heaven. Worshiping the heaven is an important manifestation of the ancient "divine right of kings" thought, indicating that the emperor was ordained by heaven and had a lofty status. The second is the Middle Sacrifice, and the Altar of Sun and the Altar of Moon are the places for the Middle Sacrifice. The third is the Small Sacrifice, which is to sacrifice the wind, rain, thunder and lightning.
邱文和优万娜边走边游览，又来到了丹陛桥。邱文继续介绍，天坛的建筑与景观设计宗旨是为了塑造天上宫阙的独特体验，祭祀建筑多建于高台之上。南北轴线上这座高出地面数米的丹陛桥，作用是将主要祭祀建筑连接起来，自南向北高度逐步提升，形成不断接近天际的视觉效果。外坛宽阔而广泛植树，就是为了营造郊野辽阔、肃穆的祭祀氛围。
Qiu Wen and Yovana walked and visited, and came to the Danbi Bridge. Qiu Wen continued to introduce that the purpose of the Temple of Heaven's architecture and landscape design is to create a unique experience of the palace in the sky, the sacrificial buildings are mostly built on high platforms. The Danbi Bridge, which is several meters above the ground on the north-south axis, is to connect the main sacrificial buildings, from south to north, the height gradually increases, forming a visual effect of constantly approaching the sky. The outer altar is wide and planted with trees, which is to create a vast and solemn sacrificial atmosphere.
优万娜又与北京导游协会会长吴文旭来到了七十二长廊，吴文旭介绍，明永乐皇帝建造天坛时，天坛还在城外，为了保护皇帝在天坛的安全，便在斋官内外修了两道御河。宫墙也有两层，外层叫砖墙，内城称紫墙。紫墙四周有167间回廊环绕，是守卫斋宫的八旗兵丁遮避风雨的地方。回廊外面有深池环绕，整个斋宫因它们的存在而固若金汤。除了天坛，地坛、先农坛、紫禁城也先后建有斋宫，天坛斋宫建筑历史最悠久，规模最大，建筑最宏伟，是皇帝每次祭天前静心自省、回顾得失的地方，天坛的斋宫历代帝王使用频率最高。
Then Yovana and Wu Wenxu, President of Beijing Tour Guide Association came to the Seventy-two Corridor. Wu Wenxu said, when Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty built the Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Heaven was still outside the city, and in order to protect the emperor's safety in the Temple of Heaven, two imperial canals were built inside and outside the fasting palace. There are also two layers of palace walls, the outer layer is called the brick wall, and the inner city is called the purple wall. There are 167 corridors around the purple wall, which are the places where the eight-banner soldiers guarding the fasting palace shelter from the wind and rain. There are deep pools outside the corridor, and the whole fasting palace is as solid as a golden soup because of their existence. In addition to the Temple of Heaven, there are fasting palaces in the Altar of Earth, the Altar of Agriculture, and the Forbidden City, but the fasting palace of the Temple of Heaven has the longest history, the largest scale, and the most magnificent architecture. It is the place where the emperor meditated and introspected, and reviewed his gains and losses before worshiping the heaven. Therefore, the fasting palace of the Temple of Heaven was used most frequently by the emperors of the past dynasties.
听了各位专家老师们的介绍，优万娜体会到了，作为千年古都的北京一直都在推崇文明礼仪，为传承礼乐文化不遗余力。她明白了，中国的祭祀文化不仅仅是片面的文字，这其中蕴含了中国古人对天地、自然、宇宙的观察和联想。“中国的祭祀文化真是博大精深！”她不由得感叹道。
After listening to the explanation of several expert teachers from China, Yovana realized that as a thousand-year-old capital, Beijing has always advocated civilized etiquette and spared no effort to inherit the culture of rites and music. She understood that China's sacrificial culture is not just one-sided text, which contains the ancient Chinese observation and association of heaven and earth, nature, and the universe. "China's sacrificial culture is really profound! " She couldn't help but sigh.
